Rheumatology Advance Access originally published online on April 4, 2008
Rheumatology 2008 47(6):849-854; doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ken057
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Rheumatoid arthritis patients who smoke have a higher need for DMARDs and feel worse, but they do not have more joint damage than non-smokers of the same serological group
1Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin and 2Evangelisches Fachkrankenhaus Ratingen, Ratingen, Germany.
Correspondence to: G. Westhoff, Epidemiology Unit, German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. E-mail: Westhoff{at}drfz.de
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Abstract |
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Objectives. To investigate the influence of smoking on disease activity, drug need and radiographic joint damage in RF-positive and -negative patients with early RA.
Methods. Baseline and 3-yr follow-up data of 896 patients of an early RA cohort comprised clinical and radiographic parameters (Ratingen Score). Information about disease severity, treatment and smoking were obtained by questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to show the influence of smoking on drug use, ACR improvement and joint damage. Smokers and non-smokers were compared according to RF serology.
Results. Fifty per cent of the patients were never, 23% past and 27% current smokers. Current smokers were significantly more often RF-positive (71%) than past (66%) or never smokers (53%), but neither the RF-positive nor the RF-negative current smokers had higher 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) or radiographic scores than never or past smokers. Within 3 yrs, current smokers had taken significantly more DMARD combinations or biologics. Non-smokers and those with <20 pack-years (PYs) had a 2-fold higher probability to reach ACR improvement than heavy smokers (>20 PYs). However, smokers did not differ in radiographic joint damage when compared with non-smokers of the same serological group.
Conclusions. The higher use of DMARDs may indicate that smoking weakens the potency of anti-rheumatic drugs and/or is needed to control an otherwise higher disease activity. Since the risk of adverse events increases with the amount of drugs taken, this is another reason to persuade RA patients to quit smoking.
KEY WORDS: Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatoid factor, Smoking, Pack-years, Anti-rheumatic drugs, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, Disease activity, Radiographic erosion, Joint damage, Outcome
Submitted 31 August 2007;
revised version accepted 24 January 2008.
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